1、条件关系

as long as, even if, even though, if, if…… not, on condition that, otherwise, provided, supposing, unless

2、空间关系

above, across, around, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, close at hand, close to, down, far ahead, far behind, farther, here, in front of, in the distance, in the middle of, nearby, near to, next to, on, on the left/right, opposite to, over, there, to the left/right, under, up

3、举例说明

a case in point, as an illustration, for example, for instance, for one thing…… for another, likewise, namely, on one hand. . . on the other hand, similarly, such as, such. . . as, take. . . for example, that is, to give another example, to illustrate

4、解释或定义

in other words, in simple terms, namely, that is, that is to say

5、时间关系

above all, after, and, after a while, afterward, also, as soon as, at first, at last, before, besides, eventually, finally, firstly, first of all, further, furthermore, immediately, in addition, in the end, in the first place, last, later, meanwhile, moreover, next, now, presently, recently, secondly, shortly, since then, soon, then, thirdly, to begin with, to start with, what's more

6、递进关系

provided, supposing, unless, additionally, again, and, also, another, besides, further, furthermore, in addition （to）, likewise, more, moreover, not only. . . but also, too, what' s more

7、强调关系

above all, actually, anyway, as a matter of fact, certainly, clearly, first of all, in any case, in fact, indeed, in particular, most important of all, naturally, no doubt, obviously, of course, on no account, surely

8、因果关系

accordingly, account for, as a result, as for, because, because of, consequent-ly, contribute to, due to, for, for this reason, hence, lead to, now that, on account of, owing to, result from, result in, since, so, thanks to, then, therefore, thus

9、转折关系

after all, all at once, all of a sudden, although, anything, as a matter of fact, apart from, but, despite, different from, even so, even though, except for, however, in contrast to, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, on one hand……, on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, though, unless, unlike, yet

10、比较与对比关系

another, at the same time, but, by contrast, compared to, compared with, despite, differ from, different from, equally （important）, even so, have. . . in common, however, likewise, in comparison （with） , in contrast （to）, instead, in the same way, not only. . . but also, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, similarly, similar to, still, the same as, unlike, whereas, while, yet

11、总结与归纳

above all, accordingly, all in all, altogether, as a result, by and large, briefly speaking, consequently ,finally, generally speaking, hence, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, in general, in short, in summary, on the whole, so, therefore, thus, to be brief, to conclude, to summarize, to sum up

12、引用他人的观点

as it is known to all, as sb. puts it, as we all know, as . . . goes, as the proverb says, it is often said that, some people argue

13、发表个人观点

as far as. . . be concerned, as for sb., as to sth., from one' s point of view, in one' s eyes, in one' s opinion, in the eyes of sb., it seems to sb. that, when it comes to……

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